Narrowing socioeconomic inequality in child stunting: the Brazilian experience, 1974–2007
Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Maria Helena D’Aquino Benicio, Wolney Lisboa Conde, Silvia Konno, Ana Lucia Lovadino, Aluisio JD Barros & Cesar Gomes Victora
Volume 88, Number 4, April 2010, 305-311
Table 3. Maternal schooling, prenatal care, access to water and sanitation services and reproductive health indicators, per survey year and socioeconomic quintile, Brazil, 1996–2007
| Indicator | Surveya year | Indicator (%) per quintile |
P-valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poorest | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | Richest | |||
| Maternal schooling ≥ 8 years | 1996 | 5.6 | 13.2 | 24.7 | 44.7 | 73.5 | 0.000 |
| 2006–07 | 29.4 | 44.5 | 62.2 | 71.5 | 92.5 | ||
| Four or more prenatal visits | 1996 | 37.5 | 60.9 | 79.8 | 89.0 | 93.7 | 0.000 |
| 2006–07 | 80.0 | 87.6 | 88.9 | 94.9 | 97.7 | ||
| Household served by public water supply | 1996 | 39.9 | 70.1 | 80.4 | 82.2 | 80.9 | 0.238 |
| 2006–07 | 65.3 | 74.6 | 81.1 | 85.2 | 89.2 | ||
| Household served by public sewage system | 1996 | 2.4 | 17.9 | 33.6 | 44.6 | 60.0 | 0.000 |
| 2006–07 | 22.5 | 33.7 | 41.1 | 52.6 | 69.2 | ||
| Household with flush toilet | 1996 | 14.0 | 83.9 | 98.5 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 0.001 |
| 2006–07 | 67.0 | 96.5 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Birth order < 5th | 1996 | 69.5 | 80.8 | 91.3 | 95.3 | 98.4 | 0.004 |
| 2006–07 | 91.3 | 94.8 | 96.6 | 97.7 | 99.7 | ||
| Birth interval ≥ 24 months | 1996 | 69.2 | 75.1 | 83.6 | 88.7 | 91.3 | 0.787 |
| 2006–07 | 82.5 | 90.0 | 90.1 | 96.1 | 93.5 | ||
| Modern contraceptive usec | 1996 | 51.1 | 65.2 | 76.6 | 79.0 | 79.6 | 0.000 |
| 2006–07 | 93.9 | 98.4 | 94.9 | 96.2 | 93.7 | ||
a Demographic and Health Survey.
b For the interaction between survey year and quintile.
c Among women aged 15–49 years.