Stillbirth in rural Bangladesh: arsenic exposure and other etiological factors: a report from Gonoshasthaya Kendra
Nicola Cherry, Kashem Shaikh, Corbett McDonald, Zafrullah Chowdhury
Volume 86, Number 3, March 2008, 172-177
Table 2. Multivariate models of factors associated with stillbirth: logistic regressiona
| Factorsb | Final model without arsenic |
Final model including arsenic |
|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Sex: Male | 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) |
| Multiple birth | 3.07 (1.65–5.68) | 3.07 (1.66–5.69) |
| Age: | ||
| ≥ 31 years | 1.59 (1.28–1.97) | 1.58 (1.28–1.96) |
| Previous pregnancies: | ||
| Nil | 1.81 (1.55–2.11) | 1.81 (1.55–2.11) |
| Previous stillbirth: | ||
| 1 | 1.88 (1.46–2.41) | 1.86 (1.45–2.39) |
| > 1 | 2.29 (1.64–3.20) | 2.27 (1.63–3.17) |
| Low socioeconomic status | 1.71 (1.38–2.12) | 1.70 (1.37–2.10) |
| Maternal education: | ||
| > 4 years | 2.76 (2.12–3.59) | 2.76 (2.12–3.59) |
| Paternal education: | ||
| No schooling | 1.43 (1.19–1.73) | 1.44 (1.20–1.74) |
| Maternal smoking: Yes | 0.19 (0.09–0.41) | 0.19 (0.09–0.42) |
| Mother: high blood pressure | 4.22 (1.95–9.13) | 4.27 (1.97–9.23) |
| Mother: oedema | 1.80 (1.26–2.57) | 1.79 (1.25–2.56) |
| Gestation: | ||
| 28–32 weeks | 6.58 (5.10–8.47) | 6.57 (5.10–8.46) |
| 33–36 weeks | 1.83 (1.57–2.14) | 1.83 (1.57–2.13) |
| ≥ 38 weeks | 1.43 (1.04–1.99) | 1.42 (1.03–1.97) |
| Birth weight: | ||
| Low | 14.70 (10.28–21.02) | 14.73 (10.30–21.06) |
| Very low | 65.28 (29.12–146.37) | 63.73 (28.42–142.89) |
| Prolonged labour | 6.49 (5.03–8.39) | 6.48 (5.02–8.38) |
| Excess bleeding | 1.73 (1.09–2.73) | 1.73 (1.09–2.74) |
| Death of mother | 0.03 (0.01–0.09) | 0.03 (0.01–0.09) |
| Home delivery | 0.34 (0.28–0.42) | 0.34 (0.28–0.42) |
| Arsenic concentration: | ||
| 10 µg/l to < 50 µg/l | – | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) |
| ≥ 50 µg/l | – | 1.80 (1.14–2.86) |
a N = 30 486 deliveries, 971 stillbirths.b Reference category omitted, but can be inferred.